Field Programmable Gate Array: An Extensive Review, Recent Trends, Challenges and Applications

A field programmable gate array (FPGA) is a type of programmable logic device that the consumer can modify after production to carry out a variety of tasks, from fundamental logic gate operations to AI systems and beyond. More than 70,000 documents pertaining to FPGA have been found in the two most prominent scientific databases, Scopus and Clarivate Web of Science. These articles demonstrate the wide variety of FPGA-based applications, from navigation systems on Mars rovers to a new mechanism that allows the kilograms redefinition’s magnetic suspension system. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), taking readers on a journey from the basics to sophisticated programming techniques. No matter how much or how little experience you have with FPGA programming, this study will be an invaluable resource for filling in the gaps in your knowledge. Readers will have a solid grounding in essential topics including FPGA architecture, hardware description languages, and synthesis. The present work addresses critical subjects such as FPGA architecture, hardware description languages, and synthesis, thereby providing readers with a robust foundation. Furthermore, it boldly ventures into the domain of advanced topics, including high-level synthesis and parallel processing, amplifying its appeal to seasoned FPGA enthusiasts. It is unequivocally evident that this work serves as an indispensable resource, equipping individuals from diverse backgrounds with the proficiency to fully exploit the remarkable potential of FPGAs across a myriad of applications and industries. This study also provides an overview of the recent trends and evolution of the related applications.