I. Introduction
Electrified transportation is put forward by governments and environmental groups as a promising tool for curbing air pollutants and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Among electric transport options, battery electric vehicles (BEVs) emerge as particularly compelling. Although plug-in vehicles offer environmental benefits, obstacles persist such as lowerthan-desired battery capacity, high costs, and limited charging networks. These challenges hinder widespread EV adoption [1]. The positive impact of electric vehicles (EVs) on urban pollution is evident as fewer fossil-fuel-burning vehicles result in lower emissions within cities. Pollution-producing plants persist, typically outside cities, but thankfully industrial and power plant emissions are more effectively regulated than vehicle tailpipe emissions [2], [3].