A Review of Environmental Control for Substation Facilities

The operational environment of distribution substations directly affects the performance and reliability of electrical equipment. Components like transformers and switchgear generate heat during operation, and higher temperatures can lead to equipment losses, aging, and potential failures. Effective humidity management is equally important, as excessive humidity can cause equipment corrosion, compromised insulation, and electrical faults. Precise control of temperature and humidity is vital for stable power system operation, prolonging equipment life, and ensuring electrical safety. While existing studies have addressed aspects of substation monitoring and protection, comprehensive research integrating environmental monitoring and control remains limited. This paper thus aims to extensively review recent developments and innovative applications in substation environmental control. By analyzing factors influencing substation performance, the paper establishes the significance of thermal models and layout effects. It then surveys traditional and Internet of Things (IoT)-based control methods, emphasizing their role in enhancing substation environmental control. The paper concludes with an analysis of IoT applications in substation control, serving as a foundational guide for intelligent and efficient substation management and operation. This paper comprehensively reviews recent developments in substation environmental control. It explores influential factors such as thermal models and layout effects, and surveys both traditional control methods and those utilizing IoT technology. IoT-based control methods, enabled by sensors and real-time data, offer enhanced automation and response speed. The paper also examines IoT applications in substation environmental control, including energy optimization, equipment health prediction, and remote monitoring. This review provides valuable insights for future research and applications, laying the groundwork for more intelligent and efficient substation management.