The LoD Enhancement Study of MIP-Based Troponin T in Urine Sensing Electrodes Using Modified Methylene Blue/Anodic Aluminum Oxide (MIP/MB/AAO) Nanocomposite Structures

In this paper, we develop and investigate three molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based sensing electrode, each with a unique nanostructured composite design, for direct detection of ultra-low concentration cardiac troponin T (cTnT) in urine. Experimental results show that the electrode with pinhole, mushroom, and coral-shaped nanostructures can achieve a limit of detection (LoD) of 13.02, 7.835, and 4.462 pg/ml, respectively. Surface roughness and porosity emerge as pivotal factors influencing electrode performance. Increasing the sensing surface area significantly improved the sensor's performance. The coral structure's practicality for clinical applications, aligned with healthy adult urine concentrations, makes it promising for predicting cardiovascular diseases.