PPO-Based Energy-Efficient Power Control and Spectrum Allocation in In-Vehicle HetNets

With the rapid development of intelligent vehicles in recent years, in-vehicle heterogeneous networks (HetNets) incorporating base stations (BSs) and vehicle access points (VAPs) have been widely deployed to support the ever-emerging diverse vehicular applications. However, most of the existing works focused on the HetNets covering multiple vehicles and considered the needs of all in-vehicle users as a holistic entity to maximize the overall performance of networks, which inevitably deviates from the local in-vehicle HetNet quality that most users are concerned about. Additionally, improving the energy efficiency (EE) of mobile devices in vehicles to extend their battery life is another significant issue, which has not been well addressed. To address the above issues, an intelligent in-vehicle power control and spectrum allocation mechanism is proposed in this work to maximize the EE of devices in the cabin while satisfying their dynamic traffic demands. Since this optimization problem has a non-convex mixed integer programming form, which is difficult to solve with traditional optimization methods, we further transform the optimization problem into a Markov Decision Process (MDP) and utilize a Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) algorithm combined with the vehicle's location and historical channel state information (CSI) to achieve optimization objectives. Simulation results validate that the proposed algorithm can satisfy the dynamic traffic requirements of devices with high EE. Further comparison with baselines highlights the robustness of the proposed scheme under different device quantities and ratios.