I. Introduction
Cerebrovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death around the world. By 2021, it ranked as the fourth major life-threatening diseases among ten in Taiwan, which was responsible for the death of 12,182 people [1]. Various cerebrovascular diseases, such as thrombosis, artery stenosis, aneurysms, and vascular malformations, significantly affect the hemodynamic parameters (blood flow velocity, blood pressure, artery wall shear stress) in cerebral arteries. Arterial stenosis, for instance, obstructs blood flow, elevating pressure and velocity and eventually leading to vessel rupture and haemorrhagic stroke. The middle cerebral artery (MCA), which is originated from the internal carotid artery and is located at the base of the brain (cerebral peduncle), is one of the most susceptible regions where numerous cerebrovascular diseases manifest. Therefore, the hemodynamic analysis in MCA is of great interest to comprehend the mechanism and impact of such diseases.