Piezoelectric Energy Conversion and Its Applications: Sensors and Actuators

Piezoelectric sensors and actuators have gained significant attention in recent years due to their unique ability to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy and vice versa. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the principles, applications, and advancements in the field of piezoelectric sensors and actuators. It discusses the underlying working principles, materials used, fabrication techniques, and various applications in different industries. Additionally, it highlights the challenges and future prospects for further development in this rapidly evolving field. Recent advancements in the field of piezoelectric sensors and actuators include the development of flexible and wearable devices, integration with wireless communication technologies, and miniaturization for micro- and nanoscale applications. However, challenges such as hysteresis, temperature dependence, and long-term stability of piezoelectric materials still need to be addressed to enhance the performance and reliability of these devices.