A Low-Carbon Planning Strategy for Integrated Energy System and Hydrogen Refueling Stations with the Retirement of Oil Stations

Hydrogen vehicles (HVs) are believed to be an effective alternative to fossil fuel vehicles for carbon emission reduction. However, the advantage of HVs highly depends on the carbon emissions in the process of hydrogen production. In this paper, a novel two-milestone collaborative planning model is proposed to achieve carbon reduction by integrated energy network transformation. Firstly, in milestone I, a low-carbon power system is established by dynamically retiring coal-fired power plants and promoting renewable energy. Secondly, with the help of the carbon emission flow model, hydrogen production stations are innovatively constructed at the nodes with extremely low carbon emission intensity in the power system. Different methods of hydrogen production are adopted, and the coupling of the power and hydrogen networks are effectively employed. In milestone II, oil stations are constantly withdrawing under the construction of hydrogen refueling stations for further emission reduction, where the dilemma of cost and environmental concerns is addressed by minimizing the average cost of carbon emission reduction. Finally, the simulation results of a coupled 24-bus power system, 7-point natural gas system, and 9-node hydrogen system verify the effectiveness of the proposed model in establishing an eco-friendly energy system.