Synthesizing Pattern for Arm-Worn Smartwatch GPS Antenna Based on Characteristic Modes

A practical method for enhancing the GPS antenna performance of arm-worn smartwatch is proposed based on N-port characteristic modes (CM). With several reactive loads implemented at the clearance, radiation patterns can be synthesized with high gain to satellites, and the antenna efficiency is guaranteed by excluding higher-order modes at the same time. The proposed method provides a promising solution for commercial wearables antennas.