A review of measurement methods for traceable calibration of waveform recorders used in ElectroShock Weapons (ESWs) testing

Nowadays, finding a proper method to calibrate the measurement systems (e.g. waveform recorders) used for accurate characterization of the signals generated by electroshock weapons (ESWs) represents a challenge because these systems exhibit a high bandwidth (in the order of 10GHz) and high memory capabilities (i.e., a record length up to 10 s). To this aim, in this paper, a review of the main methods used to measure and characterize the frequency response of waveform recorders which are used for testing the electrical waveforms (e.g., current and voltage ones) of these kind of ESWs, is presented. Furthermore, a discussion of a novel measurement method which was introduced in the last years to allow a frequency-sweep phase spectrum estimation of the waveform generators used in a frequency-sweep characterization of the waveform recorders is also presented.