APC: Automatic Passenger Counting and Seat Occupancy Detection for Sightseeing Tram based on 3D LiDAR and Camera

Enhancing the efficiency and safety of public transportation is crucial, and automatic passenger counting (APC) and seat occupancy detection play a significant role in achieving this goal. However, current APC methods, which rely on infrared and pressure sensors or vision, face challenges in accuracy, installation, and occlusion handling, particularly for low-top, open-air sightseeing trams. Although some studies have explored the use of 3D-optical time-of-flight (TOF) sensors and millimeter-wave radar, the application of 3D LiDAR in APC remains largely unexplored. To address these challenges, we present a novel algorithm that integrates 3D LiDAR and RGB cameras to accurately count passengers and detect seat occupancy in open-air sightseeing trams. Our proposed system holds significant promise for enhancing the management and operation of sightseeing trams in tourist areas, elevating visitor experiences, and fostering sustainable tourism.