Non invasive microwave dielectric spectroscopy for biological characterization and healthcare applications: Importance of a differential approach

This paper aims to highlight the importance of applying a differential approach to electrically characterize biological samples, such as biomolecules or cells in suspension, up to microtissues and organs, and to enhance measurement sensitivity and consequent discrimination. Whenever S parameters, capacitive or conductive signals, or dielectric characteristics are considered, the introduction of contrasts therefore extends the sensing applicability of microwave dielectric spectroscopy and opens interesting applicative fields in biology and healthcare instrumentations.