I. Introduction
Data security has become a significant concern due to the expanding range of Internet applications. Commercial transactions, Internet banking, and organizational server exchanges are now prevalent, making data transmission more crucial. This increases the potential for damages, including financial and informational loss caused by data breaches. Data protection remains highly relevant in today’s digital landscape and continues to be a hot research topic in the cybersecurity community. User authentication plays a vital role in securing the open network environment, but relying on simple authentication information presents serious problems.