Integration and Optimization of Vehicle-to-Grid Technology in Distribution Systems — A Comprehensive Review

Meeting customer electricity demand is a balancing act that requires matching precisely the energy generated with the energy consumed. Battery storage plays an important role as managing this dynamic power flow is the key to delivering reliable power. With the increase in the penetration of electric vehicles (EVs), the potential to use them as energy storage devices has also significantly increased. This is the idea behind the concept of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) where the excess energy stored in the vehicle battery is sent from the EV back to the grid. There are several V2G applications for the grid ranging from frequency regulation, voltage regulation, peak demand to renewable energy support. This paper provides a comprehensive review on the V2G technology, its components and applications, and dives into the different V2G optimization methodologies in research literature.