Generation and Distribution of GHZ States in Quantum Networks

In quantum networks, multipartite entangled states distributed over the network are useful in implementing and supporting many quantum network applications for communications, sensing, and computing. The focus of our work is to de-velop techniques to efficiently generate distributed Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states, a special class of multipartite entanglement states. Prior works on generating GHZ states have focused on the objective of minimizing the number of maximally entangled (bipartite) pairs (EPs), while ignoring the stochastic nature of quantum processes and assuming uniform network links for generating EPs. In contrast, in our work, we take into consideration the stochastic nature of quantum networks, and focus on maximizing the expected generated rate of the GHZ states under given fidelity constraints. In this context, we develop two efficient generation schemes, viz., Fusion - Retain - only and General Fusion, comprised of optimal or near-optimal sub-steps. Both schemes, at a high-level, first determine a way to “connect” the nodes over which the GHZ state is to distributed, and then, determine a sequence of fusion operations on the EPs created over the connections. Using extensive simulations over a quantum network simulator (NetSquid), we demonstrate the effectiveness of our developed techniques and show that our schemes outperform prior work as well as a simple centralized approach by up to orders of magnitude while generating GHZ states of tolerable fidelity.