I. Introduction
Recently, the arrival of 5G has raised awareness of the public authority towards the environmental impact of new technologies. It is not only the performance in terms of quality of service (QoS) that matters, but also the green aspect of these technologies as a mean to mitigate global warming. As IoT networks expand, location-based services (LBS) are challenging the way services such as social networks currently manage data. Indeed, the information is usually sent to a server located in the cloud to be analysed and stored there, before being sent back to the devices. In LBS, data can be analysed locally by the IoT devices that are sensors, smartphones or wearable devices. Furthermore, data exploitation depends on context awareness and geographic zone of interests (ZIs). Thus, the cost of transportation in terms of energy consumption (and therefore carbon emissions) can be reduced by device-to-device (D2D) communications or by an appropriate network architecture.