Hybrid Potential-Field Integral-Equation Formulation for Fast and Accurate Solutions to Electromagnetic Problems Involving Open and Closed Perfectly Conducting Surfaces

Fast, accurate, and stable solutions to composite objects involving open and closed perfectly conducting surfaces are considered. A novel formulation, called the hybrid potential-field formulation (HPFF), is developed by using potential and field formulations simultaneously. Closed surfaces are formulated with the recently developed combined potential-field formulation, whereas open surfaces are formulated with potential integral equations. The developed formulation does not suffer from low-frequency (dense-discretization) breakdowns or internal-resonance problems. Superior performances of HPFF are demonstrated on canonical problems.