A Measurement-Referenced Error Vector Magnitude for Counterfeit Cellular Device Detection

Standard formulations of error vector magnitude compare a wireless device's symbol constellation to an ideal reference constellation. In this work, we utilize the residual error vector magnitude, which uses measurements of a wireless device to define a reference constellation. We apply this formulation to the problem of identifying a device's manufacturer from over-the-air measurements of the wireless device and show that the residual error vector magnitude outperforms standard error vector magnitude formulation in this task.