Elimination of Orphan Nodes and Maintenance of Network by Multipath Routing Protocol for WSN

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used in many applications such as environmental monitoring, disaster relief and health care systems. WSNs typically contain a large number of small, battery-powered devices called sensor nodes. The main challenge in WSNs is providing reliable and efficient communication links among the nodes in the network. One of the most important problems in such networks is the problem of managing orphan nodes. An orphan node is a node which is connected to a sensor node, but it is not connected to any other node in the network. This creates a connectivity hole in the network, thus breaking the communication path from the orphan node to other nodes in the network. To address this problem, a novel multipath routing protocol for WSNs is proposed in this paper. This protocol uses multiple paths to route data through the network. Each path can be used in the case of failure of one of the routing paths. The multipath routing protocol maintains high network connectivity even in the case of node movement or node failure. It also provides better reliability by reducing the possibility of data loss due to link failure. Furthermore, it can reduce the communication cost of the network. The proposed protocol is evaluated using simulation experiments which demonstrate good performance in terms of packet deliver rate, throughput, packet loss ratio and end-to-end delay.