Enhancement of Network Lifetime by Decreasing Energy Consumption in WSN using Goat Fish Algorithm

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) have been increasingly used in many applications such as military surveillance, environmental monitoring, industrial process control, and healthcare applications, etc. Despite the great potential of WSNs, their limited energy supply and limited lifetime are major restrictions to their large-scale applications. To increase the lifetime of WSNs, reducing energy consumption is a paramount issue. Hence, the focus of this paper is to explore the design of energy-efficient WSNs. This paper discusses the potential for energy savings that can be realized by optimization of network parameters, like network topology, routing algorithms, and MAC protocols. It then reviews the various strategies used in WSNs to reduce energy consumption, such as energy-efficient data aggregation, energy-efficient cluster formation and sleep scheduling. Next, it introduces a variety of energy-efficient MAC protocols, such as duty-cycle MAC, low-power listening MAC, and dynamic power control MAC. The paper also covers energy harvesting techniques that can be used in WSNs to increase the overall lifetime. Finally, the paper presents a few conclusions and possible directions for future study. Based on the various schemes considered, it can be seen that, with the same criteria of data delivery, significant reduction in transmission and total energy consumption can be achieved by modifying the network parameters and by using suitable energy-efficient protocols and techniques.