A Unified Hybrid State Estimation Approach for VSC HVDC lines Embedded in Ac Power Grid

Modern communication infrastructure and advanced digital control technologies have transformed power networks into more intelligent and controllable networks. Expanding the use of Intelligent Electronic Devices (IEDs) and information and communication technologies promotes the interest in cyber security vulnerabilities and concerns to malicious cyberattacks. Hybrid power State Estimation (SE) could enhance the power grid’s resilience against cyberattacks. This research focuses on enhancing the conventional formulation and implementation of SE for use in hybrid ac/dc networks with embedded Voltage Source Converter based High Voltage Direct Current (VSCHVDC) lines. The modifications include modeling the ac/dc power conversion losses in the VSC station. Furthermore, improving SE performance by estimating the states reliably enhances the ability to detect random False Data Injection (FDI) attacks.