Gain Optimization of Sparse Antenna Array Configurations

We present an optimization technique for a 25-element array
$(5\ \times 5)$
of microstrip patch antennas using the concept of the sparse antenna array. This method reduces the size, cost, and power requirements of planar arrays by thinning elements that have minimal impacts on the effective area. Throughout the optimization process, we removed 16 elements randomly and kept 9 elements active (64% removed). Different configurations were analyzed in full-wave simulation to find the optimal gain. The best thinning configuration shows losses of only 1.66 dB at the broadside compared to a fully populated 5
$\times 5$
array. This technique will significantly reduce the amount of space, weight, power, and cost needed for current telecommunications, radar, and satellite systems (5G).