High-Frequency Limits for 3D-Printed Gradient-Index (GRIN) Lens Antennas

Artificial dielectrics are widely used for Gradient-Index (GRIN) lens antennas. The unit-cell size of an artificial dielectric determines the maximum operating frequency and also drives cost and yield. To explore the frequency limitations we printed four identical Luneburg lens antennas using gyroid unit-cells of 12.5, 10, 7.5, and 5 mm and measured their gain over the K- and Ka-band. We find maximum frequencies of 20, 25, 33, and >40 GHz for each unit-cell, respectively. These measurements suggest a print resolution limit of
$0.7\lambda_{g}$
, where
$\lambda_{g}$
is the wavelength in the host dielectric.