I. Introduction
In 21st-century education, technology-rich learning environments (TREs) have become crucial for effective learning. Emotions experienced by learners in these environments play a significant role in both their cognitive and affective learning gains. The comprehension and measurement of emotions in TREs are also considered essential aspects. "Emotions are the experiential glue of 21st-century learning" as noted by Arthur Graesser [1]. In line with this, Richard Mayer's commentary emphasizes three core areas to focus on, including identifying which emotions matter, determining how to measure them accurately, and exploring their connection to learning in TREs.