Underground Soil Moisture Sensor Based on Monopole Antenna for Precision Agriculture

Soil moisture content is one of the key foundations in precision agriculture applications since it has a direct impact on the growth rate as well as the plant quality of the crop. However, most of the existing soil moisture sensors come with high prices as well as complications in use, or poor quality or measurement with bad durability. In this study, we propose a monopole antenna-based sensor with a compact size, good accuracy, and affordable price. The result shows a good performance of the sensor with root mean square of error (RMSE) of 0.3584, maximum absolute error of 3.16% volumetric water error.