1. Introduction
As public transportation systems continue to evolve and expand, the need for a more efficient and secure way to authenticate passengers and track their movements has become increasingly important. Traditional methods such as paper tickets and magnetic stripe cards are quickly becoming obsolete, and newer technologies such as contactless payment systems and mobile ticketing apps are still limited in their reach and effectiveness. In response to these challenges, the use of smart QR codes has emerged as a promising solution for the next generation of authentication and tracking in public transportation. Smart QR codes offer a convenient and secure way to validate passenger information and track their movements, while also providing real-time data to transportation authorities for improved management and planning.