A Review on Functionalized Biosensors and its Mechanism Behind the Clinical Diagnosis of Dopamine

The use of numerous nanomaterials in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors appears to be more favorable due to their strong adsorption capacity, increased electron transport, high surface area, and energy. Among various electrochemical sensors, the application of functionalized nanomaterials is particularly fascinating in the fields of electrochemistry and nanotechnology. This review concentrates on sensors that have been functionalized using metallic, metallic oxide, and non-metallic nanoparticles through the addition of functional groups or biomolecules for the detection of dopamine neurotransmitter. It summarizes the capabilities of nanomaterials in the development of sensors and provides an explanation of the operating mechanisms between the electrode and the analyte in electrochemical detection. Finally, this paper discusses the challenges and opportunities associated with the development and application of functionalized electrochemical sensors.