A Coupled Battery State-of-Charge and Voltage Model for Optimal Control Applications

Optimal control of electric vehicle (EV) batteries for maximal energy efficiency, safety and lifespan requires that the Battery Management System (BMS) has accurate real-time information on both the battery State-of-Charge (SoC) and its dynamics, i.e. long-term and short-term energy supply capacity, at all times. However, these quantities cannot be measured directly from the battery, and, in practice, only SoC estimation is typically carried out. In this article, we propose a novel parametric algebraic voltage model coupled to the well-known Manwell-McGowan dynamic Kinetic Battery Model (KiBaM), which is able to predict both battery SoC dynamics and its electrical response. Numerical simulations, based on laboratory measurements, are presented for prismatic Lithium-Titanate Oxide (LTO) battery cells. Such cells are prime candidates for modern heavy offroad EV applications.