State of Charge Detection in Electric Two Wheeler

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery stacks are employed in a number of different applications, including Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV), Electric Vehicles (EV), storage of sustainable energy for future use, and power storage on the grid for various purposes, including grid stability, peak shaving, and renewable energy time shifting. In these applications, it is essential to determine SOC (State of Charge) of the cells. SOC is a percentage estimate of the amount of available energy in a battery at a given time. The SOC notifies the user when the battery should be recharged or replaced. Knowing the residual energy of a battery contributes in the establishment of a control strategy; consequently, understanding the SOC is crucial. SOC is an important metric for calculating the remaining capacity of a battery. Moreover, it is derived from collected data like voltage, current, and temperature. In constructing a battery management system, the accuracy of SOC calculation of the power battery can be crucial and a precondition. To increase the accuracy of SOC calculation for Electric vehicles, it will be necessary for researchers in the field to undertake a difficult and time-consuming activity demanding significant effort. Recent developments in SOC calculation methods for batteries are analyzed, with a focus on mathematical fundamentals and applications. An essential metric is battery state-of-charge (SOC) that indicates battery performance, precise estimation of SOC not only protects the battery, avoids overcharging or discharging, and extends the battery’s life, but also enables applications to rationally govern energy-saving measures. Accurate SOC calculation is essential for calculating the range of electric vehicles and serves as a control factor for BMS to improve system performance. In this paper, the Voltage is measured using the Direct Measurement Method, and the Arduino UNO is used to calculate the SOC and Range that can be covered with the remaining voltage.