A review of the virtual power plant with the vehicle to grid

In order to reduce carbon emissions and prevent the rapid depletion of fossil energy, the number of electric vehicles (EVs) has risen rapidly in recent years. With distributed renewable energy gradually replacing traditional power generation energy, virtual power plant (VPP) has become a hot technology concern for researchers in recent years. VPP integrates power generation, power consumption, and EV to achieve more efficient energy utilisation. As a distributed energy storage unit, EVs can present various forms of VPP in the local VPP network. The vehicle to grid (V2G) means bidirectional energy transmission mode from EV to the power grid. In the V2G operation mode, EVs can play an auxiliary role in shaving peak and fil valley to balance the supply and demand side and adjust the voltage (V) and frequency (f). The operation of the V2G system has many challenges at the level of battery aging and grid infrastructure. This paper proposes two optimisation schemes by analysing VPP architecture in V2G mode.