Optimal EKHO-IMC-PID controller design and LFC based on adaptive integral k-means control approach for LSPS

The optimum EKHO-IMC-PID controller and reduction using EKHO (Enthalpy-based Krill Herd optimization) for LFC of large-scale power systems are developed in this research using the model approximation method. Aiming to reduce the performance parameter known as Integral Square Error (ISE) between their step responses results in the creation of the ideal Reduced Order Model (ROM) for the understudied large-scale power system. A Lyapunov stability theory-created effective linear matrix inequality protects the integrity of entire power systems. Later, the LFC design is implemented rather than the high-scale power system module using an optimised ROM. The innovative EKHO -IMC- PID controller architecture improves power system performance by providing adequate reference input tracking performance, resilience in disturbance rejection, and better reference input tracking performance, the unique EKHO-IMC- PID controller architecture enhances the dynamic stability of the power system. The simulation findings unmistakably demonstrate a significant improvement in LFC responsiveness during load disturbances and uncertainty when compared to some other prior studies.