Optimal Dispatchable Space Considering Aggregation of EV Swapping and Charging Stations to Participate in Demand Response

The electric vehicle battery swapping and charging station equipped with retired batteries energy storage system (RBESS-BSCS) can be used as a demand-side flexibility resource, to serve the power grid operations under the unified management and dispatched by their aggregator. A BSCS can be used as a time-sharing electricity price strategy for load response, and also as an incentive mechanism to participate in the demand response resources. An optimization model with the goal of maximizing the BSCS aggregation comprehensive income is constructed to obtain the optimal decision of the BSCS day-ahead charging plans and reporting to the power grid dispatching dispatchable space. Firstly, the operation principle of BSCS in aggregation mode is analyzed, and the state transition model of power battery (EVB) is proposed. On this basis, by considering the uncertainty of EV demand, CPLEX is used to solve the model. The optimization results show that BSCS aggregators can formulate charging plan and dynamic demand response space on the basis of meeting EV’s power replacement requirements. The results verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed model.