1 Introduction
The overall air traveler count is expected to reach 4 billion by 2024, as forecasted by the International Air Transport Association (IATA 2022). Consequently, numerous airports are constructing new terminals and expanding runways. This expansion is increasing the structural complexity of airports, thus intensifying taxiing congestion and reducing operational efficiency. Its economic consequences are severe, with approximately $33 billion lost annually due to flight delays in the U.S alone, according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA 2022).