1. Introduction
A popular idea in pedagogy is the concept of assessment for learning. where student learning is structured via the assessment tasks. Ideally, students should be able to work at their own pace. Another popular idea is criterion-referenced assessment, where criteria are specified for a “pass” and all higher grades. Most university assessment is norm-referenced, where students receive a percentage score, and arbitrary boundaries determine a student's grade. A small number of large assessment tasks, and final exams in particular, lead to stress and an unhealthy approach to learning, where the goal of students is to pass rather than to learn.