Photonic quantum ring emission of 3D Rayleigh's cavity

We have recently demonstrated that ideal quantum wire emissions can be achieved in a vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL)-like structure, where a donut-shape microcavity of three-dimensional Rayleigh's whispering gallery modes is effectively formed in the peripheral region of the active multi-quantum-well (QW) planes of the cylindrical VCSEL so that photonic quantum ring (PQR) emission manifolds naturally emerge due to the quantum corral effect and laser-trapped carrier ordering phenomena. The toroid becomes black (nearly perfect reflection) Rayleigh's gallery of the PQR laser, with anomalous quantum wire properties, such as microampere-range threshold currents and square-root-T dependent redshifts. The anomalous PQR properties are also found to be independent of the VCSEL according to the behaviors of the hollow-type PQR devices without the central VCSEL region.