Grid-connected photovoltaic system with battery storage system into market perspective

Photovoltaic systems (PVS) combined with either some form of storage, e.g. Battery Energy Storage System (BESS), or direct load control can play a role in achieving more economical operation of the electric utility system while enhancing reliability with additional energy sources. In the context of a liberalized electrical market, this article describes technical and economical opportunities for an end-user who owns both a PVS and a BESS, which gives him the possibility to change his load profile. An experimental apparatus will also be described, which has been developed to study such systems. The proposed system may operate in multioperation modes, normal operation, power dispatching, and power averaging, according to coordinate control of both BESS and grid inverters.