Finite-element solution of planar arbitrarily anisotropic diffused optical waveguides

The finite-element method for propagation in planar anisotropic diffused optical waveguides with arbitrary permittivity tensor is presented. A Galerkin procedure has been introduced to the finite-element formulation, to study both the nonleaky and leaky surface waves. The complex propagation constants are determined as a function of frequency for possible modes of propagation. The accuracy of the method has been checked by calculating the nonleaky and leaky surface waves of Ti-diffused LiNbO
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waveguides with Gaussian index profiles. The numerical results of Ti-diffused LiNbO
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waveguides with dielectric overlays are also presented and the effects of dielectric overlays on the propagation characteristics for the nonleaky and leaky surface waves are examined.