Closed-Form Expression for the Bit Error Probability of Rectangular QAM Subject to Rayleigh Fading

In this paper a closed-form expression for the bit error probability (BEP) of M -ary pulse amplitude modulation (M-PAM) subject to Rayleigh fading is derived. This expression is used to derive another general result: a closed-form expression for the BEP of rectangular quadrature amplitude modulation(R-QAM) subject to Rayleigh fading. In this work the fading channel is seen as an additive noise channel whose additive noise is modeled as the ratio between Gaussian and Rayleigh random variables.