I. Introduction
Automated emotion recognition shall very soon have its sizeable impact in areas ranging from psychology to human–computer interaction (HCI) to human–robot interaction (HRI). For instance, in HRI and HCI, there is an ever-increasing demand to make the computers and robots behave more humanlike. Some example works that employ emotion recognition in HCI and HRI are [1] and [2]. Another application is in computer-aided automated learning [3]. Here, the computer should ideally be able to identify the cognitive state of the student and then accordingly act. For example, if the student is gloomy, it might tell a joke.