Sensitivity comparison of high-Q second-order active filter synthesis techniques

The sensitivity performance of high-
Q
quadratic sections is often studied in terms of
Q
sensitivity. This contribution shows that many classes of realization, including those exhibiting high-
Q
sensitivity, are not particularly dependent on
Q
sensitivity, insofar as overall sensitivity performance is concerned. A comparative study of gyrator-, generalized immittance converter (GIC-), and biquad-type realizations with correctly designed single-amplifier structures reveals that the nonideal performance, as a function of
RC
tolerances and amplifier imperfections, is about the same regardless of
Q
sensitivity. The paper also classifies realization techniques according to their Schoffier and worstcase sensitivities. The sensitivity of certain well-known single-amplifier structures to amplifier gain bandwidth product is evaluated and minimized.