I. Introduction
Let us denote the set of integers, real numbers, and complex numbers by , , and , respectively, and let the ring of integers modulo be denoted by . The vector space is the space of all -tuples of elements from with the standard operations. By “+” we denote the addition over , , and , whereas “” denotes the addition over for all . Addition modulo is denoted by “+” and it is understood from the context. If and are in , we define the scalar (or inner) product by In , let and denote the zero vector and the all-one vector, respectively. The cardinality of a set is denoted by . If , then denotes the absolute value of , and denotes the complex conjugate of , where and .