Demand, Energy, And Marginal Electric System Losses

For many years engineers have used an empirical loss factor formula to calculate energy losses on their electric systems when the load factors and peak losses could be determined. In many cases, however, the empirical equation has little known relationship to a system's actual loss factor. With improved load research data and other hourly system load reporting available to the utility, it is possible to calculate the actual system loss factor. The actual system loss factor may then be used to calculate energy losses for those parts of the electric system where the current flowing is proportional to system load each hour, which would typically be the distribution and subtransmission systems.