The impact of space protons on X-ray sensing with charge coupled devices (CCDs)

The latest, large-geometry silicon charge-coupled device technology for X-ray astronomy has been characterized with respect to the impact of space protons. Extensive radiation damage of physical interest include a better understanding of the roles of VP, VO and VV defects in the prediction of performance in orbit are proposed. The importance of photon hit rate and X-ray energy in determining the CTI damage constant was confirmed. In CCD manufacture, improvements of tolerance to particle damage can be made. We recommend a lower operating temperature in orbit (-110 or lower rather than -90/spl deg/C).